Rights · before you press record

Know what's legal where you are.

Consent laws vary sharply by country and state. Recording someone without the consent the law requires carries real consequences — from evidentiary inadmissibility to criminal penalties. Understand the rules that apply where you are, before you capture a conversation.

Disclaimer

This is informational only — not legal advice. Laws change and interpretations vary. Always consult a qualified attorney in your jurisdiction before acting.

Figure · 01 / Consent types

The three regimes, as the law draws them.

One-party

Only one party needs to know.

You may record a conversation you are part of without telling the other participants. Covers much of US federal jurisdiction, many states, and much of the English-speaking world.

Two-party

All immediate parties must consent.

Recording a conversation requires every participant's knowledge and agreement. Includes states like California, Florida, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and much of continental Europe.

All-party

Every person present must consent.

The strictest standard — multi-person conversations require each individual's explicit agreement, not just the named speakers.

Showing 130 jurisdictions · 67 countries

Argentina

Ley 25.520 (Ley de Inteligencia Nacional) + Código Penal art. 153

One-party

Argentina permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it for their own purposes.

Federal

Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979

One-party

Australian federal law permits one-party consent recording for telephone conversations. State laws vary for in-person conversations.

Australian Capital Territory

Listening Devices Act 1992 (ACT)

One-party

ACT permits one-party consent recording. A party to a private conversation may record it.

New South Wales

Surveillance Devices Act 2007 (NSW)

One-party

NSW permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it without the other party's consent.

Northern Territory

Surveillance Devices Act 2007 (NT)

Two-party

Northern Territory requires all-party consent for recording private conversations.

Queensland

Invasion of Privacy Act 1971 (Qld)

One-party

Queensland permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it.

South Australia

Surveillance Devices Act 2016 (SA)

Two-party

South Australia requires all-party consent for recording private conversations.

Tasmania

Listening Devices Act 1991 (Tas)

Two-party

Tasmania requires all-party consent for recording private conversations.

Victoria

Surveillance Devices Act 1999 (Vic)

Two-party

Victoria requires all-party consent for recording private conversations. This is stricter than most other Australian states.

Western Australia

Surveillance Devices Act 1998 (WA)

One-party

Western Australia permits one-party consent recording. A party to a private conversation may record it.

Austria

Strafgesetzbuch (öStGB) § 120

Two-party

Austria requires all-party consent for recording private conversations. Unauthorized recording is a criminal offense.

Bangladesh

Digital Security Act 2018 + Telecommunication Act 2001

One-party

Bangladesh does not have specific wiretapping legislation prohibiting one-party recording. Recording by a participant is generally permissible.

Belgium

Code Pénal art. 314bis

Two-party

Belgium requires all-party consent for recording private communications. Recording without consent is a criminal offense.

Brazil

Lei nº 9.296/1996 + Constituição Federal art. 5°, XII

One-party

Brazil permits one-party consent recording. The Supreme Federal Tribunal has ruled that a party to a conversation may record it without the other's knowledge.

Bulgaria

Наказателен кодекс чл. 339a

One-party

Bulgaria permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it.

Federal

Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, § 184

One-party

Canadian federal law permits one-party consent recording. You may record a conversation you participate in without informing others.

Alberta

Criminal Code § 184 + Alberta PIPA

One-party

Alberta follows federal one-party consent law. The provincial Personal Information Protection Act applies to organizations.

British Columbia

Criminal Code § 184 + BC PIPA

One-party

BC follows federal one-party consent for criminal purposes. The provincial Personal Information Protection Act may impose additional civil requirements for businesses.

Ontario

Criminal Code § 184

One-party

Ontario follows federal one-party consent law. You may record your own conversations without informing others.

Quebec

Criminal Code § 184 + Quebec Civil Code art. 36

One-party

Quebec follows federal one-party consent. However, Quebec's Civil Code provides additional privacy protections that may create civil liability for recording without consent.

Chile

Ley 19.974 + Código Penal art. 161-A

One-party

Chile permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it without informing others.

China

Civil Code art. 1032-1033 + Criminal Law art. 252

One-party

China does not have a specific wiretapping statute prohibiting one-party consent recording. A party may generally record their own conversations. However, privacy rights are recognized in the Civil Code.

Colombia

Constitución art. 15 + Código Penal art. 192

One-party

Colombia permits one-party consent recording. A party may record conversations they participate in.

Costa Rica

Constitución Política art. 24 + Código Penal art. 196

Two-party

Costa Rica protects the secrecy of communications constitutionally and requires all-party consent for recording.

Croatia

Kazneni zakon čl. 143

One-party

Croatia permits one-party consent recording. A party may record conversations they participate in.

Cyprus

Law on the Protection of the Confidentiality of Private Communications (N. 92(I)/1996)

One-party

Cyprus permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it for personal use.

Czech Republic

Občanský zákoník § 86-90

One-party

Czech Republic generally permits one-party consent recording. Recording for personal purposes by a participant is typically lawful.

Denmark

Straffeloven § 263

One-party

Denmark allows one-party consent recording. A participant in a conversation may record it without the other party's knowledge.

Egypt

Telecommunications Regulation Law No. 10/2003 + Penal Code art. 309bis

Two-party

Egypt prohibits recording private conversations without consent. The Constitution protects the right to privacy of communications.

Estonia

Karistusseadustik § 137

One-party

Estonia permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it without informing others.

Finland

Rikoslaki 24 luku § 5

One-party

Finland allows one-party consent recording. Recording a conversation you participate in is not a crime.

France

Code Pénal art. 226-1

Two-party

France prohibits recording private conversations without consent. French law treats this as a violation of privacy rights.

Germany

Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) § 201

Two-party

Germany strictly prohibits recording private conversations without all-party consent. This is one of the strictest recording laws in Europe.

Greece

Greek Constitution art. 19 + Law 3471/2006

Two-party

Greece protects the secrecy of communications constitutionally. Recording private conversations without consent is prohibited.

Hong Kong

Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance (Cap. 589)

One-party

Hong Kong generally permits one-party consent recording for private individuals. The Ordinance primarily regulates government surveillance.

Hungary

Büntető Törvénykönyv § 422

One-party

Hungary generally permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it for personal purposes. Distribution may be restricted.

Iceland

Almenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940, art. 252

One-party

Iceland permits one-party consent recording. A party may record their own conversations.

India

Indian Telegraph Act 1885 + Information Technology Act 2000

One-party

India generally permits one-party consent recording. There is no specific law prohibiting a party from recording their own conversation. Government interception requires authorization.

Indonesia

UU No. 11/2008 (ITE Law) + UU No. 36/1999 (Telecommunications Law)

One-party

Indonesia does not have a specific prohibition on one-party consent recording. The ITE Law primarily addresses unauthorized interception of electronic communications.

Ireland

Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 + Postal and Telecommunications Services Act 1983

One-party

Ireland generally permits one-party consent recording. There is no explicit statutory prohibition on a party recording their own conversations.

Israel

Wiretapping Law 5739-1979

One-party

Israel permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it for their own purposes.

Italy

Codice Penale art. 615-bis

One-party

Italy generally permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it, though publishing or distributing may have restrictions.

Japan

Telecommunications Business Act + Wiretapping Act (通信傍受法)

One-party

Japan permits one-party consent recording. There is no general prohibition on a party recording their own conversations. The Wiretapping Act primarily targets law enforcement interception.

Kenya

Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act 2018 + Kenya Information and Communications Act

One-party

Kenya does not explicitly prohibit one-party consent recording. The Cybercrimes Act addresses unauthorized interception of communications.

Latvia

Krimināllikums § 144

One-party

Latvia permits one-party consent recording. A party to the conversation may record it without the other party's consent.

Lithuania

Baudžiamasis kodeksas art. 166

One-party

Lithuania permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it for personal purposes.

Luxembourg

Code Pénal art. 509-1 to 509-7

Two-party

Luxembourg prohibits recording private conversations without all-party consent. The law protects the secrecy of private communications.

Malaysia

Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 + Penal Code

One-party

Malaysia does not have a specific wiretapping law prohibiting one-party recording. Recording by a party to the conversation is generally permissible.

Malta

Security Service Act (Cap. 391) + Criminal Code

One-party

Malta does not have a specific prohibition on one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it.

Mexico

Constitución art. 16 + Código Penal Federal art. 177

One-party

Mexico permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it. The Constitution protects against interception by third parties.

Morocco

Code Pénal art. 580-582 + Law 09-08 (Data Protection)

Two-party

Morocco prohibits recording private communications without consent. The law protects secrecy of correspondence and communications.

Netherlands

Wetboek van Strafrecht art. 139a-139c

One-party

The Netherlands permits one-party consent recording. A party to the conversation may record it, but GDPR considerations apply to processing of such recordings.

New Zealand

Crimes Act 1961, § 216B

One-party

New Zealand permits one-party consent recording. A party to a private communication may record it without the other party's knowledge.

Nigeria

Cybercrimes Act 2015 + Nigerian Communications Act 2003

One-party

Nigeria does not have a comprehensive wiretapping prohibition. One-party consent recording is generally permissible. The Cybercrimes Act addresses unauthorized interception.

Norway

Straffeloven § 205

One-party

Norway permits one-party consent recording. A participant may record their own conversations.

Pakistan

Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 (PECA) § 29

One-party

Pakistan does not explicitly prohibit one-party consent recording. PECA addresses unauthorized interception of electronic communications.

Peru

Constitución Política art. 2(10) + Código Penal art. 162

One-party

Peru permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it. The Constitution protects against interception by third parties.

Philippines

Republic Act No. 4200 (Anti-Wiretapping Act)

Two-party

The Philippines prohibits recording private communications without the consent of all parties. This is one of the strictest recording laws in Southeast Asia.

Poland

Kodeks Karny art. 267

One-party

Poland generally permits one-party consent recording. Recording your own conversation is not considered a criminal offense.

Portugal

Código Penal art. 199

Two-party

Portugal prohibits recording conversations without consent of all parties. Both recording and distribution of recordings are punishable.

Qatar

Cybercrime Prevention Law No. 14/2014 + Penal Code

Two-party

Qatar prohibits recording private conversations without consent. Privacy of communications is protected under both cybercrime and criminal law.

Romania

Codul Penal art. 302

One-party

Romania permits one-party consent recording under criminal law. A party to a conversation may record it.

Saudi Arabia

Anti-Cyber Crime Law (Royal Decree No. M/17, 2007)

Two-party

Saudi Arabia prohibits recording private conversations without consent. Privacy protections are enforced under both cyber crime law and Islamic legal principles.

Singapore

Computer Misuse Act + Personal Data Protection Act 2012

One-party

Singapore does not have a general prohibition on recording conversations. One-party consent is generally sufficient, but PDPA applies to processing of personal data.

Slovakia

Trestný zákon § 377

Two-party

Slovakia prohibits recording private conversations without the consent of all parties. Privacy protections are robust.

Slovenia

Kazenski zakonik čl. 137

Two-party

Slovenia requires all-party consent for recording private conversations. Unauthorized recording is a criminal offense.

South Africa

Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Act 70 of 2002 (RICA)

One-party

South Africa permits one-party consent recording. A party to a communication may record it without the knowledge of the other parties.

South Korea

Protection of Communications Secrets Act (통신비밀보호법)

One-party

South Korea permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it. However, using recordings for defamation or other unlawful purposes is prohibited.

Spain

Constitución Española art. 18 + Código Penal art. 197

One-party

Spain allows one-party consent recording. The Constitutional Court has ruled that recording one's own conversations does not violate the right to secrecy of communications.

Sweden

Brottsbalk (BrB) 4 kap. 9a §

One-party

Sweden allows one-party consent recording. You may record conversations you participate in.

Switzerland

Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) art. 179bis-179quater

Two-party

Switzerland requires all-party consent for recording private conversations. Recording without consent is a criminal offense even if you are a party to the conversation.

Taiwan

Communication Security and Surveillance Act (通訊保障及監察法)

One-party

Taiwan permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it without the other party's knowledge.

Thailand

Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550 (2007) + Civil and Commercial Code

One-party

Thailand does not have a comprehensive wiretapping statute. One-party consent recording is generally permissible. Privacy protections exist under civil law.

Turkey

Türk Ceza Kanunu madde 132-133

Two-party

Turkey prohibits recording private conversations without the consent of all parties. The law strongly protects communication privacy.

United Arab Emirates

Federal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021 on Combating Rumors and Cybercrimes

Two-party

UAE law prohibits recording conversations without consent. Recording, photographing, or eavesdropping on others without permission can be a criminal offense.

United Kingdom

Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA), § 1

One-party

UK law generally permits one-party consent recording for personal use. You may record a conversation you participate in for your own reference. Sharing or publishing requires additional consideration.

Federal

18 U.S.C. § 2511

One-party

Federal law requires at least one party to the conversation to consent to the recording. You may record your own conversations without telling the other party.

Alabama

Ala. Code § 13A-11-30

One-party

Alabama is a one-party consent state. You may record a conversation you are a party to without the other person's knowledge.

Alaska

Alaska Stat. § 42.20.310

One-party

Alaska is a one-party consent state. A person may record a conversation they are participating in without the other party's consent.

Arizona

Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3005

One-party

Arizona is a one-party consent state. You can record any conversation you are a party to.

Arkansas

Ark. Code § 5-60-120

One-party

Arkansas is a one-party consent state. Recordings are permitted when one party consents.

California

Cal. Penal Code § 632

Two-party

California is a two-party (all-party) consent state. All parties must consent to being recorded. Recording a confidential conversation without all-party consent is a crime.

Colorado

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-9-303

One-party

Colorado is a one-party consent state. You may record a conversation you participate in without informing others.

Connecticut

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570d

Two-party

Connecticut requires all-party consent for recording in-person or telephone conversations.

Delaware

Del. Code tit. 11, § 2402

Two-party

Delaware requires all-party consent to record private conversations.

District of Columbia

D.C. Code § 23-542

One-party

DC is a one-party consent jurisdiction. You may record conversations you are a party to.

Florida

Fla. Stat. § 934.03

Two-party

Florida is a two-party consent state. All parties must consent to the recording of any oral or electronic communication.

Georgia

Ga. Code § 16-11-62

One-party

Georgia is a one-party consent state. You may record conversations you participate in.

Hawaii

Haw. Rev. Stat. § 803-42

One-party

Hawaii is a one-party consent state. A party to the conversation may record without the other party's knowledge.

Idaho

Idaho Code § 18-6702

One-party

Idaho is a one-party consent state. Recording is lawful when one party consents.

Illinois

720 ILCS 5/14-2

Two-party

Illinois requires all-party consent to record private conversations. The eavesdropping statute was reformed in 2014.

Indiana

Ind. Code § 35-33.5-1-5

One-party

Indiana is a one-party consent state. You may record conversations you are a party to.

Iowa

Iowa Code § 808B.2

One-party

Iowa is a one-party consent state. Recording is allowed when one party to the conversation consents.

Kansas

Kan. Stat. § 21-6101

One-party

Kansas is a one-party consent state. One party to a conversation may record without the other's consent.

Kentucky

Ky. Rev. Stat. § 526.010

One-party

Kentucky is a one-party consent state. You can lawfully record a conversation you participate in.

Louisiana

La. Rev. Stat. § 15:1303

One-party

Louisiana is a one-party consent state. A party to the conversation may record it.

Maine

Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 15, § 709

One-party

Maine is a one-party consent state. A party to a conversation may record without the other party's consent.

Maryland

Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 10-402

Two-party

Maryland is a two-party consent state. All parties must consent to the recording of any private conversation.

Massachusetts

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 272, § 99

Two-party

Massachusetts has one of the strictest wiretapping laws. All parties must consent and secret recording is strictly prohibited.

Michigan

Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.539c

Two-party

Michigan requires all-party consent for recording private conversations.

Minnesota

Minn. Stat. § 626A.02

One-party

Minnesota is a one-party consent state. You may record conversations you participate in.

Mississippi

Miss. Code § 41-29-531

One-party

Mississippi is a one-party consent state. Recording is lawful when one party to the conversation consents.

Missouri

Mo. Rev. Stat. § 542.402

One-party

Missouri is a one-party consent state. A party to the conversation may record without the other's consent.

Montana

Mont. Code § 45-8-213

Two-party

Montana requires consent from all parties to record a private conversation involving an in-person or electronic communication.

Nebraska

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-290

One-party

Nebraska is a one-party consent state. You may record conversations you are involved in.

Nevada

Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.620

One-party

Nevada is a one-party consent state. You may record a telephone or in-person conversation if you are a party to it.

New Hampshire

N.H. Rev. Stat. § 570-A:2

Two-party

New Hampshire requires all-party consent to record conversations.

New Jersey

N.J. Stat. § 2A:156A-4

One-party

New Jersey is a one-party consent state. A party to the conversation may record without informing others.

New Mexico

N.M. Stat. § 30-12-1

One-party

New Mexico is a one-party consent state. You may record conversations you are a party to.

New York

N.Y. Penal Law § 250.00

One-party

New York is a one-party consent state. You may record a conversation you are a party to.

North Carolina

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-287

One-party

North Carolina is a one-party consent state. Recording is lawful when one party consents.

North Dakota

N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-15-02

One-party

North Dakota is a one-party consent state. You may record a conversation if you are a party to it.

Ohio

Ohio Rev. Code § 2933.52

One-party

Ohio is a one-party consent state. You may record a conversation you participate in without notifying others.

Oklahoma

Okla. Stat. tit. 13, § 176.4

One-party

Oklahoma is a one-party consent state. A party to the communication may lawfully record it.

Oregon

Or. Rev. Stat. § 165.540

One-party

Oregon is a one-party consent state. A party to any conversation may record it.

Pennsylvania

18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5704

Two-party

Pennsylvania is a two-party consent state. All parties must consent to the interception or recording of any communication.

Rhode Island

R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21

One-party

Rhode Island is a one-party consent state. A party to the conversation may record it.

South Carolina

S.C. Code § 17-30-30

One-party

South Carolina is a one-party consent state. You may record conversations you participate in.

South Dakota

S.D. Codified Laws § 23A-35A-20

One-party

South Dakota is a one-party consent state. A party to a conversation may lawfully record it.

Tennessee

Tenn. Code § 39-13-601

One-party

Tennessee is a one-party consent state. One party to the conversation must consent to the recording.

Texas

Tex. Penal Code § 16.02

One-party

Texas is a one-party consent state. A party to the conversation may record without the other party's knowledge.

Utah

Utah Code § 77-23a-4

One-party

Utah is a one-party consent state. You may record conversations you are a party to.

Vermont

Vt. Stat. tit. 13, § 1402

One-party

Vermont is a one-party consent state. A party to any communication may record it.

Virginia

Va. Code § 19.2-62

One-party

Virginia is a one-party consent state. You may record a conversation you are a party to.

Washington

Wash. Rev. Code § 9.73.030

Two-party

Washington is a two-party consent state. All parties must consent to the recording of any private conversation.

West Virginia

W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3

One-party

West Virginia is a one-party consent state. Recording is lawful when one party to the conversation consents.

Wisconsin

Wis. Stat. § 968.31

One-party

Wisconsin is a one-party consent state. A party to the conversation may record it without telling others.

Wyoming

Wyo. Stat. § 7-3-702

One-party

Wyoming is a one-party consent state. You may record your own conversations.

Uruguay

Ley 18.331 (Data Protection) + Código Penal art. 297

One-party

Uruguay permits one-party consent recording. A party to a conversation may record it for personal purposes.

Vietnam

Law on Cybersecurity 2018 + Civil Code 2015

One-party

Vietnam does not have a specific wiretapping statute. One-party recording is generally permissible, though privacy rights are recognized in the Civil Code.